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Ang Mga Pulo Sa Ibayo

 

MAHIGIT  7,100 piraso ang Pilipinas, isang libo lamang ang may tao, kalahati ay ni walang pangalan, marami ang lulubog-lilitaw sa urong-sulong ng dagat, 46 piraso lamang ang malaki pa sa 100 kilometro cuadrado. Sa dadalawa, Luzon at Mindanao, nakatira ang 7 sa bawat 10 Pilipino. Bawat kasaysayan ay kinakailangang magsimula sa umpisa, kaya ang unang paksa sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas ay kailangang iukol sa pinanggalingan ng kinalalagyan ng bayan.

Bato-bato sa langit
tamaa’y huwag magagalit

- Larong awit sa Manila

ANG alikabok na tinatapakan, nasisinghot at nagpapadumi ng damit ay galing sa sahig ng dagat, nalukot paitaas nang mabundol ng sahig ng Pacific Ocean. Mula naman ang malalaking bahagi ng mga pulo sa bulwak ng mga bulkan sa mga butas at siwang ng tipak na lupa na lumulutang sa kumukulong bato. Dating akala, kasama ng Pilipinas ang Malaysia at Indonesia sa munting tipak na lupa na iniipit ng 3 naglalakihang tipak:

  1. Sahig ng dagat Pacific, sa silangan;
  2. Tipak ng Australia at India, sa timog at kanluran; at
  3. Lupa ng China at Japan, sa hilaga.
Ngunit napagtanto nitong 1983 lamang na ang Pilipinas mismo ay 3 o higit pang magkakadikit na tipak na nagkikiskisan at umuusad sa 3 o higit pang makakasalungat na tungo.

Subduction

Hintay muna: Ang Pilipinas ay nalukot? Nabutas, umuusad, nabundol? Lumulutang sa kumukulong bato? Susmaryosep! Paano kung mahulog sa butas, paano kung lumusot sa kumukulong bato? Masusunog tayo!

Hindi mahuhulog, tumataas pa nga ang mga tao sa pag-angat ng lupa, sa pagtayog ng mga bundok. Higit na magaang ang Pilipinas kaysa sahig ng Pacific Ocean at ito, sa simulat simula pa, ang sumisisid o lumulubog sa ilalim ng Pilipinas. Sa silangan ng Pilipinas, ang tabi ng Samar at Mindanao ay nalukot pailalim ng sumisisid na sahig ng dagat at duon ang pinakamalalim na bangin sa buong daigdig, tinawag na Philippine Trench o Bangin Pilipinas, mahigit 11 kilometro ang lalim.Pinatubo

Sa gilid, nakakayas ang ibabaw ng sahig ng dagat at nadadagdag sa lupa ng Pilipinas habang ito ay nalulukot naman papaitaas: Ang bulubundukin [mountain range] ng Sierra Madre at Cordillera sa Luzon ay 2 lamang sa mga lukot na nakikita ngayon. Ang pulo-pulo [archipelago] ng Sulu ay hindi nakalubog na bulubunduking nagkakabit sa Mindanao at Borneo gaya ng unang akala, ngunit kahiwalay na gulod, umangat mula sa sahig ng dagat nang malukot ang bahaging iyon ng Pilipinas, nagkabutas at pinutukan ng mga bulkan.

Maraming bahagi ng lupa ay nadagdag mula sa mga bulkan; huling nakita sa pagsabog ng Pinatubo nuong Hunyo 1991. Libu-libong tonelada ng kumukulong putik [lahar] ang tumakip sa langit ng Pampanga at Zambales, at tumabon sa maraming kabayanan. Ang lahar ay kumukulong bato, tubig, lupa at bato ng tuktok ng bulkan, dinurog at pinaghalu-halo ng putok ng bulkan.

Ang kumukulong bato mula sa ilalim ng Pilipinas ay nakita nang walang kahalong lupa o tubig nuong bumulwak sa Mayon [Magayon ang tawag ng mga taga-Bicol] nuong Febrero 2000. Molten rock ang tawag sa English [kumukulong bato sa Tagalog] habang nasa ilalim ng lupa, lava ang tawag ng Hawayano kapag lumabas sa bunganga ng bulkan [hawig sa lawa, tawag ng Tagalog sa malaking tubig].Mayon

Kapag lumamig at tumigas na, ang tawag ng mga taga-Hawaii ay ah-ah, dahil matutulis daw at masakit sa paa kung lalakaran. Ang mga kataga ng mga taga-Hawaii tungkol sa bulkan ang madalas gamitin ng mga nag-agham bulkan [volcanologists] ngayon dahil sa Hawaii naitayo ang pinakamalaking tagapag-usisa ng bulkan sa buong daigdig sa tagal ng pagsabog ng bulkan Kilauea duon, nuong 1983 pa nagsimula.

Katunayan, ang mataba at mapagyabong na lupa ng Pilipinas ay dating kumukulong bato at putik galing sa mahigit 40 bulkan na bumulwak sa nakaraang 10,000 taon. Ngayon, 13 ‘buhay’ na bulkan ang minamanmanan ng PHILVOCS, o Philippine Volcanology and Seismology, ang tagapag-usisa ng bulkan at lindol ng pamahalaan.Mantel

Bakit umuusad?

Ang sapantaha ng mga nag-agham, batay sa mga katibayang nausisa mula nuong 1950s, ang kumukulong bato ang siyang nagpapalutang at nagpapagalaw sa iba’t ibang lupain ng daigdig - animo’y takip ng palayok o caserola na itinutulak at pinaiiktad ng sumusubong sinaing. Ang nasukat na pinakamabilis na usad, hindi sa Pilipinas, ay 15 sentimetro o 6 pulgada sa santaon, ang pinakamabagal ay 2 sentimetro o kulang-kulang isang pulgada, santaon; karaniwang usad ay kasing bilis ng tubo ng kuko sa daliri, daw.

Patuloy ang gitgitan ng mahigit 12 piraso na natuklasang bumubuo sa balat ng daigdig, pati na sahig ng mga dagat. Maraming lamat at butas dahil sa salyahan, at duon bumubulwak ang kumukulong bato na nakabalot sa buong daigdig sa ilalim ng mga tipak. Ang tipak ng Pacific Ocean ang kinikilalang pinakamapanganib sa kasalukuyan; tinawag na sinsing na apoy [ring of fire] dahil sa dami ng bulkan at lindol sa paligid nito. Kasama ang Pilipinas sa sinsing, kasama sa pagsabog ng bulkan, kasama sa lindol.Ring of Fire

Ayon sa isang alamat, si Bernardo Carpio ang pumipigil sa 2 nag-uumpugang bundok. Tuwing siya ay madulas o mangalay, nabibitawan at lumilindol dahil sa untugan ng bundok. Malakas si Bernardo, ngunit hindi niya kayang pigilin ang umpugan ng lupa: Ang karaniwang kapal ng mga tipak na lupa ay 70 kilometro - kung tutuwirin mula Manila, abot sa Lucena City, kung pahilaga, hanggang dulo ng Tarlac o Nueva Ecija. Ngunit hula lamang ito ng mga nag-agham; wala pang nakahukay nang higit sa 3 kilometro ang lalim dahil sa init sa ilalim ng lupa, at dahil napupuno ng tubig ang anumang hukay. Wala ring gamit pa upang matanto ang tunay na kapal ng lupa nang hindi naghuhukay.

Hintay muna: Talaga bang hindi lulusot sa lupa, hindi masusunog sa kumukulong lupa?Eocene

Ang pinakamanipis na lupa sa alam ngayon ay nasa Death Valley sa America, may 24 kilometro lamang ang kapal dahil sa pagtiwangwang ng California mula sa Arizona. Naghihiwalay din ang 2 bahagi ng lupa at numinipis ang sahig ng bangin, tinatawag na Rift Valley sa Kenya, silangang Africa. Ngunit painut-inot lamang ang paghihiwalay na inabot na, at aabutin pa, ng milyon-milyong taon. Sa katunayan, inaasahang papasok muna ang dagat at malulunod sa tubig ang mga lupang ito, milyon-milyong taon bago mapunit nang husto ang lupa. Isa pa, kapag napunit o nagkabutas ang lupa, walang lulubog sapagkat bubulwak ang lava. Sa madaling sabi, ang suliranin ay hindi pagkahulog kundi ang pagputok ng bulkan. Walang naghihiwalay na lupa sa Pilipinas, kaya putok ng bulkan at lindol lamang ang suliranin.

Nagkakaipitan ang mga tipak sa gitgitan; kapag dumulas at umiktad, lindol ang nararanasan ng mga naninirahan. Higit na madaling paniwalaan ang mga kuwento ng matatanda, na may isang higanteng lumulusong sa dagat, may pasang malaking bato. Napagod at binagsak ang bato, nagkadurog-durok at naging Pilipinas.

O ang alamat ng lawin na napagod ngunit walang matigilan sa gitna ng dagat; inaway niya ang panginoon ng dagat hanggang sa poot nito, pinaghahagis siya ng bato at putik mula sa sahig ng dagat. Itong mga bato at putik ang naging bayan.

Higit pa sa kababalaghan ang katotohanan - matagal at malayo ang pinagmulan ng lupa. Mula sa sahig ng dagat, at mula sa kumukulong bato sa ilalim nito, nuong unang panahon, nang walang pang alaala, nalukot ang lupa, sumabog ang mga bulkan, at unti-unting umahon ang mga bundok at kalatagan na naging Pilipinas.

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